Wisconsin Early Childhood State Policy Profile
Overview
The Early Childhood State Policy Profile shows which state policies meet benchmarks that are favorable to the well-being of children and their families. The Profile includes policies that are key elements of a two-generation approach to supporting the well-being and life opportunities of young children and their parents, in the areas of health, early care and education, and parenting and economic support.
A two-generation framework for policy design reflects extensive research that identifies the critical supports young children need over time to thrive. Most two-generation supports for young children and families are created through the collective impact of multiple policies. An example is investment in prekindergarten programs and an effective quality improvement system that promotes children’s access to high-quality early care and education programs along with state policies such as the Earned Income Tax credit and minimum wage that raise the incomes of low-income working families; another is policies that ensure mental health screenings and access to quality health care for both children and parents.
A brief overview of policies in the EC State Policy Profile is provided below (see policy definitions for an explanation of benchmarks). The Profile is limited to policies for which 50-state data are available. Users who wish to examine additional policies specific to their state, within a two-generation framework, can find suggestions in State Policies through a Two-Generation Lens: Strengthening the Collective Impact of Policies that Affect the Life Course of Young Children and their Parents.
Health and Development
Related Research and Policy Resources
States can support young children’s development by making key policy choices in early health and development. This section of the Profile highlights states’ policy choices for supporting young children’s well-being: 1) Access to and continuity of health care, including state Medicaid/CHIP eligibility levels and coverage of legal immigrant children; 2) Parents’ access to health care, including for low-income pregnant women, and access to a medical home for young children; and 3) Preventive screening and assessment, including adherence to recommended schedules for well-child visits.
Early Care and Education
Related Research and Policy Resources
States make important decisions about the early care and education services they provide to young children and families. This section of the Profile highlights states’ key policy choices that affect children’s development and parents’ ability to work: 1) Access to childcare, including subsidy eligibility levels and reimbursement rates; and 2) States’ investment in Head Start, Early Head Start, pre-kindergarten, child care centers’ class size and student-teacher ratios and investment in infant/toddler specialist networks and credentials and Quality Rating Improvement Systems.
Parenting and Economic Supports
Related Research and Policy Resources
States make critical policy choices that help low-income parents effectively support young children’s healthy development. This section of the Profile spotlights states’ policy choices related to important economic supports for low-income families with young children: 1) TANF requirements for parents of young children; and 2) Income support policies including tax relief, earned income and dependent care tax credits, as well as child support disregards.
Young children (under age 6)1: 384,691
Percent of children under 6 by income levels, 2022
Source1
Percent of children under 6 by race/ethnicity, 2022
Source1
Percent of children under 6 by family income and race/ethnicity, 2022
Source1
Percent of children under 6 by parents’ immigration status, 2022*
Source1
*If one of the parents is an immigrant, that case is counted under the immigrant group.
Percent of children under 6 by family income and parents’ immigration status, 2022
Source1
Health and Development Policies
50-State Data Related Research and Policy Resources Policy Definitions
Sets the income eligibility limit for public health insurance (Medicaid/CHIP) at or above 200% of the federal poverty level (FPL)
Children <1 year [2024]2
Eligibility is up to 306% for Medicaid and S-CHIP. Children are not eligible for S-CHIP if they have access to job-based health insurance coverage where the employer covers at least 80% of the cost.
Children 1-5 years [2024]2
Eligibility is up to 191% for Medicaid and 306% for S-CHIP. Children are not eligible for S-CHIP if they have access to job-based health insurance coverage where the employer covers at least 80% of the cost.
Children 6-18 years [2024]2
Eligibility is up to 133% for Medicaid, 156% for M-CHIP, and 306% for S-CHIP. Children are not eligible for S-CHIP if they have access to job-based health insurance coverage where the employer covers at least 80% of the cost.
Pregnant women [2024]3
Eligibility is up to 306% for Medicaid and for the From-Conception-to-End-of-Pregnancy (FCEP) CHIP-funded option.
Provides lawfully residing immigrant children with Medicaid/CHIP coverage without 5-year waiting period [2024]4
Provides lawfully residing pregnant immigrant women with Medicaid/CHIP coverage without 5-year waiting period [2024]4
Provides temporary coverage to children under Medicaid or CHIP until eligibility can be formally determined [2021]5
Provides temporary coverage to pregnant women under Medicaid until eligibility can be formally determined [2022]6
Provides 12 months of postpartum Medicaid coverage for all eligible women [2024]7
Limited coverage extension proposed; Pending legislation would extend postpartum coverage from the current period of 90 days to 12 months. Once passed, the extension would include continuous eligibility during the postpartum coverage period.
Extends Medicaid coverage for family planning to otherwise ineligible low-income women [2023]8
Eligibility based on income up to 306% FPL, including men and individuals younger than 19 years of age. This eligibility ceiling includes a standard "disregard" to an applicant's income equal to five percentage points of the federal poverty level.
Has adopted Medicaid expansion as part of the Affordable Care Act [2023]9
Includes at-risk children in the definition of eligibility for IDEA Part C [2023]10
The relationship between being an at-risk state and the number of children served varies. Some non-at-risk states have higher than average percentages of children being served in Early Intervention (EI). See graphs for the state EI data.
Has an online multi-benefit application form for Medicaid, SNAP, and TANF [2024]11
Requires or recommends maternal depression screening as a part of well-child visits under the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment (EPSDT) benefit [2023]12
Allows
Has at least one Help Me Grow affiliate site that has fully implemented a centralized access point [2023]13
EPSDT screening periodicity schedule meets recommendations of American Academy of Pediatrics
7 screenings for children <1 year [FY 2021]14
State requires 7 screens. 100% of eligible screens were completed in 2021.
4 screenings for children 1-2 years [FY 2021]14
State requires 5 screens. 79% of eligible screens were completed in 2021.
3 screenings for children 3-5 years [FY 2021]14
State requires 3 screens. 67% of eligible screens were completed in 2021.
4 screenings for children 6-9 years [FY 2021]14
State requires 4 screens. 48% of eligible screens were completed in 2021.
Percent of children under 6 who lack health insurance, 2022
Source1
Percent of uninsured children under 6 by family income, 2022
Source1
Percent of children under 3 receiving Early Intervention services in 2021-2022*
Source15
*The following state has missing EI data: Maryland.
Percent of children under 3 receiving Early Intervention services by race/ethnicity in 2021-2022*
Source15
*Notes: 1) EI rates are not displayed where the cell size is small as the data are not reliable. 2) The following state has missing EI data: Maryland.
Percent of eligible children who received at least one EPSDT screening, by age, FY 2021
Source16
Early Care and Education Policies
50-State Data Related Research and Policy Resources Policy Definitions
Sets the income eligibility limit for child care subsidies at or above 85% SMI [2023]17
Uses payment rate at or above the 75th percentile of current market rate for center-based care at the highest quality QRIS tier [2023]17
As of December 2021, the state stopped using tiered rates.
Funds a pre-kindergarten program [2023]18
$96,338,321 from 2022-2023.
Supplements Head Start [2023]18
$6,264,100 from 2022-2023.
Requires districts to offer full day kindergarten [2023]19
Requires one adult for every four 18-month-olds in child care centers [2023]20
Requires one adult for every ten 4-year-olds in child care centers [2023]20
Child care regulations require one adult for every 13 children.
Requires one teacher for every 12 students in kindergarten classrooms [2023]19
Locally determined. Districts that are receiving funding for K-3 are required to reduce class size to no more than 18 students for one teacher or no more than 30 students with 2 regular classroom teachers.
Requires that infants and toddlers in child care centers be assigned a consistent primary caregiver [2023]20
Has implemented a statewide Quality Rating Improvement System (QRIS) [2024]21
Has comprehensive, free-standing standards for social emotional learning at the K-12 level [2023]22
Requires a minimum of a bachelor's degree for lead teachers in public pre-K programs and licensed child care centers [2020]23
Monthly child care co-payment fees as a percent of income for a family of three with one child in care, 2023*
Source24
*Note: States with 0% have exempted families from copayments with the exception of OR and MD where families pay very low copayments ($10 & $13, respectively).
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) fourth grade math and reading scores, 2022*
Source25
*Note: NAEP defines proficiency as “solid academic performance for the given grade level and competency… including subject-matter knowledge, application of such knowledge to real-world situations, and analytical skills appropriate to the subject matter.”
Parenting and Economic Supports Policies
50-State Data Related Research and Policy Resources Policy Definitions
Exempts single parents on TANF from work requirements until the youngest child reaches age 1 [FY 2022]26
Recipients caring for a child under 2 months old are exempt.
Reduces the TANF work requirement to 20 hours or less for single parents with children under age 6 [FY 2022]27
Work requirements for recipients who are in W-2T, CSJ, or TEMP (only for non-exempt, unemployed recipients) are decided on a case-by-case basis. Recipients in the CMJ placements have a 30 hour requirement. Recipients in the CMU and CMF placements within the unsubsidized employment (UE) component do not have a weekly minimum hour requirement. Recipients who are single parents, caring for a child under age 6, and in the CMF+ placement are required to work only 20 hours in unsubsidized employment.
Allows TANF participants to receive benefits for a maximum of 60 months in their lifetime without limits on continuous coverage [FY 2022]28
Recipients in the W-2T, CSJ, and/or TEMP component have a lifetime limit of 48 months across all programs. Recipients may be in each component for 24 cumulative months. Recipients in the UE component do not have months counted towards Wisconsin's 48-month limit or the federal 60-month lifetime limit.
Has paid family leave for a minimum of 6 weeks with partial replacement of wages [2024]29
Offers accrual of at least five paid sick days [2023]30
Established a state minimum wage that meets or exceeds $14.00/hr and is indexed to inflation for a family of three [2024]31
$7.25
Sets gross income eligibility limit at 200% FPL and does not have asset limits for SNAP [2022]32
Does not charge personal income tax for single-parent families of three below the federal poverty level [TY 2022]33
Offers a refundable state dependent care tax credit [TY 2023]34
Under Wisconsin Child and Dependent Care Expenses Subtraction, the maximum nonrefundable credit is $1,050.
Offers a refundable state Earned Income Tax Credit [2024]35
Only for filers with qualifying dependents, Wisconsin credit ranges from 4% of the federal EITC for 1 child, 11% for 2 children, or 34% for 3 or more children.
Offers a refundable Child Tax Credit [2024]36
Keeps copayments for child care subsidies at or below 7% of family income for families of three at 150% FPL [2023]17
Copayments set at 8% of income.
Offers exemptions and/or extensions of the TANF benefit time limit for recipients who are pregnant [FY 2022]37
Recipients in the TEMP component are exempt from the federal lifetime limit. Recipients in the unsubsized employment (UE) component are exempt from the federal, state, and placement lifetime limits.
Offers exemptions and/or extensions of the TANF benefit time limit for recipients caring for a child under 6 months of age [FY 2022]26
Time limit exemptions and extensions are offered to recipients who are in the Custodial Parent of an Infant (CMC) placement and caring for a child under 2 months of age. Recipients in the TEMP & UE component are exempt from the federal lifetime limit.
Offers a minimum of 28 weeks of Unemployment Insurance benefits [2024]38
State provides up to 26 weeks of regular state-funded UI.
Funds a housing program that provides rental assistance to low-income families with children at 80% AMI/200% FPL or less to avoid eviction or homelessness [2024]39
Offers Critical Assistance Program (CA), Homeless Prevention Program, and Housing Assistance Program at 80% AMI or less.
Percent of low-income children under 6 by parents’ employment status, 2022
Source1
Education levels of mothers with children under 6, 2022
Source1
Maximum monthly TANF benefit for a family of three, July 2023
Source40
Percent of low-income families with children under 5 that receive SNAP, 2022*
Source1
*Because the available data only allow setting the low-income threshold at 185% FPL, low-income families in this graph include those with annual income below 185% FPL.
Percent of children under 6 living in families that experience housing insecurity, 2022*
Source1
*A child’s family experiences housing insecurity when their rents or owner costs (e.g., mortgage payments) exceed 30% of the family income on a monthly basis.
Data Notes and Sources
- State data were calculated from the 2018-2022 American Community Survey, representing information from the years 2018 to 2022. National data were calculated from the 2022 American Community Survey, representing information from 2022.
- Brooks, T., Tolbert, J., Gardner, A., Corallo, B., Moreno, S., & Mudumala, A. (2024). A Look at Medicaid and CHIP Eligibility, Enrollment, and Renewal Policies During the Unwinding of Continuous Enrollment and Beyond. The Georgetown University Center for Children and Families & The Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://www.kff.org
- Brooks, T., Tolbert, J., Gardner, A., Corallo, B., Moreno, S., & Mudumala, A. (2024). A Look at Medicaid and CHIP Eligibility, Enrollment, and Renewal Policies During the Unwinding of Continuous Enrollment and Beyond. The Georgetown University Center for Children and Families & The Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved October 9, 2024, from https://www.kff.org
- Brooks, T., Tolbert, J., Gardner, A., Corallo, B., Moreno, S., & Mudumala, A. (2024). A Look at Medicaid and CHIP Eligibility, Enrollment, and Renewal Policies During the Unwinding of Continuous Enrollment and Beyond. The Georgetown University Center for Children and Families & The Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://www.kff.org
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2021). Presumptive eligibility. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved July 14, 2022, from https://www.medicaid.gov
- Brooks, T., Gardner, A., Osorio, A., Tolbert, J., Corallo, B., Ammula, M., & Moreno, S. (2022). Medicaid and CHIP eligibility and enrollment policies as of January 2022: Findings from a 50-state survey. Georgetown University Center for Children and Families & The Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved February 8, 2023, from https://files.kff.org
- Kaiser Family Foundation. (2024). Medicaid postpartum coverage extension tracker. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://www.kff.org
- Guttmacher Institute. (2023). Medicaid family planning eligibility expansions. Retrieved September 26, 2023, from https://www.guttmacher.org
- The Kaiser Family Foundation. (2023). State health facts: Status of state action on the Medicaid expansion decision. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://www.kff.org
- The Early Childhood Technical Assistance Center. (n.d.). State and jurisdictional eligibility definitions for infants and toddlers with disabilities under IDEA Part C. FPG Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://ectacenter.org
- Brooks, T., Tolbert, J., Gardner, A., Corallo, B., Moreno, S., & Mudumala, A. (2024). A Look at Medicaid and CHIP Eligibility, Enrollment, and Renewal Policies During the Unwinding of Continuous Enrollment and Beyond. The Georgetown University Center for Children and Families & The Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://www.kff.org
- National Academy for State Health Policy. (2023). Medicaid policies for maternal depression screening (MDS) during well-child visits, by state. Retrieved July 17, 2023, from https://nashp.org NCCP reviewed state policies for AR, FL, KS, NE, and NH as of April 10, 2024.
- Help Me Grow National Center. (n.d.). Help me grow network affiliates. Retrieved June 21, 2024, from https://helpmegrownational.org Email correspondence from Melissa Miller on June 10, 2024.
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2023). The annual EPSDT report: Form CMS-416 for fy 2021. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved May 23, 2023, from https://www.medicaid.gov
- Early Intervention (EI) rates were calculated by using data from three sources: 2021-2022 EI cumulative counts collected by the US Department of Education, 2018-2022 American Community Survey data, and the 2021-2022 American Community Survey data. EI rates are not displayed where cell size for the numerator (number of children in EI) is missing, or cell size for the denominator (total number of children) is less than 200. To access EI data, please go to IDEA Section 618 Data Products: Table 11 Cumulative count of infants and toddlers birth through age 2 receiving early intervention services under IDEA, Part C, by race/ethnicity and state 2021-2022. https://data.ed.gov . To access ACS data, please visit the US Census Bureau data tool. https://data.census.gov
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2023). The annual EPSDT report: Form CMS-416 for fy 2021. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved June 7, 2023, from https://www.medicaid.gov
- Schulman, K. (2024). Two steps forward, one step back: State child care assistance policies 2023. National Women's Law Center. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from https://nwlc.org
- Friedman-Krauss, A. H., Barnett, W. S., Hodges, K. S., Garver, K. A., Jost, T. M., Weisenfeld, G. G., & Duer, J. K. (2024). The state of preschool 2023: State preschool yearbook. National Institute for Early Education Research. Retrieved June 22, 2024, from https://nieer.org
- Education Commission of the States. (n.d.). State education policy tracking. Retrieved August 24, 2023, from https://www.ecs.org NCCP also referenced: Fischer, A., Jamieson, C., Silva-Padron, G., Peisach, L., & Weyer, M. (2023). ECS's 2023 50-state comparison: State kindergarten-through-third-grade policies. Education Commission of the States. Retrieved August 24, 2023, from https://www.ecs.org
- Child Care Technical Assistance Network. (n.d.). National database of child care licensing regulations. Office of Child Care, Administration for Children & Families, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved August 23, 2023, from https://licensingregulations.acf.hhs.gov
- The Quality Compendium. (2024). State profiles. The BUILD Initiative. Retrieved March 13, 2024, from https://qualitycompendium.org
- Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL). (n.d.). Social-emotional learning policy at the state level. Retrieved July 31, 2023, from https://casel.org
- McLean, C., Austin, L. J. E., Whitebook, M., & Olson, K.L. (2021). Early childhood workforce index: 2020. Berkeley, CA: Center for the Study of Child Care Employment, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://cscce.berkeley.edu
- Schulman, K. (2024). Two steps forward, one step back: State child care assistance policies 2023. National Women's Law Center. https://nwlc.org
- National Center for Education Statistics. (2022). National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2022 math and reading assessment. Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved January 24, 2023, from https://nces.ed.gov
- Knowles, S., Dehry, I., Shantz, K., & Giannarell, L. (2024). Welfare rules databook: State TANF policies as of July 2022 (OPRE Report 2023-327). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov
- Knowles, S., Dehry, I., Shantz, K., & Giannarell, L. (2024). Welfare rules databook: State TANF policies as of July 2022 (OPRE Report 2023-327). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov NCCP reviewed state policies for OR and WI as of March 27, 2024.
- Knowles, S., Dehry, I., Shantz, K., & Giannarell, L. (2024). Welfare rules databook: State TANF policies as of July 2022 (OPRE Report 2023-327). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov NCCP reviewed state policies for AR, CT, IN, NM, and NY as of April 10, 2024.
- National Partnership for Women & Families. (2024). State paid family and medical leave insurance laws. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://www.nationalpartnership.org
- National Partnership for Women & Families. (2023). Paid sick days - State and district statutes. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from https://nationalpartnership.org
- National Conference of State Legislatures. (2024). State minimum wages. Retrieved September 27, 2024, from http://www.ncsl.org
- Aussenberg, R.A., & Falk, G. (2023). The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A primer on eligibility and benefits (CRS Publication No. R42505). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved August 28, 2023, from https://crsreports.congress.gov
- NCCP's calculations derived from output generated by the National Bureau of Economic Research Internet TAXSIM Version 35, available at https://taxsim.nber.org for the 2022 tax year. For a description of the TAXSIM model, see Feenberg, D. and Coutts, E. (1993). An Introduction to the TAXSIM Model. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 12(1): 189-194.
- National Women's Law Center. (2024). States can make care less taxing, tax credits related to child care, tax year 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from https://nwlc.org
- Tax Policy Center. (2024). State EITC as Percentage of Federal EITC. Urban Institute & Brookings Institution. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://www.taxpolicycenter.org For CA, CO, CT, HI, ME, MO, MT, NM, UT, VA, & WA, NCCP also referenced: Tax Credits for Workers and Families (2024). State Tax Credits. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://www.taxcreditsforworkersandfamilies.org
- National Conference of State Legislatures. (2024). Child tax credit overview. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://www.ncsl.org
- Knowles, S., Dehry, I., Shantz, K., & Giannarell, L. (2024). Welfare rules databook: State TANF policies as of July 2022 (OPRE Report 2023-327). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from https://www.acf.hhs.gov NCCP reviewed state policies for SC as of March 27, 2024.
- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2024). Policy basics: How many weeks of unemployment compensation are available? Retrieved September 16, 2024, from https://www.cbpp.org
- National Low Income Housing Coalition. (n.d.). Rental housing programs database. Retrieved April 16, 2024, from https://nlihc.org
- Azevedo-McCaffrey, D. & Aguas, T. (2024). Continued increases in TANF benefit levels are critical to helping families meet their needs and thrive. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved July 4, 2024, from https://www.cbpp.org
Last updated on October 17, 2024